1. What is SAP ABAP?

SAP ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is a high-level language developed by SAP for building enterprise applications. It’s used to create reports, interfaces, forms, and enhancements in SAP ERP systems to meet business requirements effectively.

2. What are data dictionary objects in ABAP?

The Data Dictionary in ABAP stores metadata such as tables, views, indexes, data elements, and domains. It ensures data consistency across the system and helps developers manage data structures efficiently throughout SAP applications.

3. What is the difference between transparent and pooled tables?

A transparent table stores data directly in the database and matches one-to-one with database tables. Pooled tables, on the other hand, store multiple logical tables in a single physical table, usually for internal system use.

4. What is a structure in ABAP Data Dictionary?

A structure is a reusable data type containing fields but no database storage. It’s mainly used for passing data between programs, screens, and function modules, allowing flexibility without creating physical database tables.

5. What is the use of a Work Area in ABAP?

A Work Area is a temporary memory location used to store a single row of data during internal table processing. Developers use it for reading, modifying, or displaying records one at a time efficiently.

6. What are internal tables in ABAP?

Internal tables are dynamic memory tables used to store and process runtime data in ABAP programs. They’re essential for handling large datasets, performing lookups, and generating reports within the SAP environment.

7. What are the types of internal tables?

ABAP supports three types of internal tables: Standard, Sorted, and Hashed. Standard tables use linear search, Sorted tables use binary search, and Hashed tables use unique keys for faster access during lookups and processing.

8. What is the difference between SELECT SINGLE and SELECT UP TO 1 ROWS?

SELECT SINGLE retrieves the first record that meets the condition based on index fields. SELECT UP TO 1 ROWS fetches one record but scans all database rows first, which may affect performance slightly in large datasets.

9. What is a domain in SAP ABAP?

A domain defines technical attributes like data type, length, and value range for data elements in the ABAP Data Dictionary. It ensures consistency and standardization of field definitions across different database tables and programs.

10. What is a data element in SAP ABAP?

A data element defines the semantic meaning of a field by linking it to a domain. It describes how a field is displayed on screens and used in programs while ensuring data type consistency in SAP systems.

11. What are views in SAP ABAP?

Views are virtual tables created by joining multiple tables logically. They allow developers to access related data efficiently without redundant storage and simplify complex queries for reporting or data analysis in SAP systems.

12. What is the purpose of a function module in ABAP?

A function module is a reusable block of code that performs specific tasks. It allows parameter passing, exception handling, and modular programming across programs, promoting consistency and reducing redundant code in SAP applications.

13. What is a BAPI in SAP?

BAPI (Business Application Programming Interface) is a standardized programming interface that enables external systems to communicate with SAP. It allows integration between SAP and non-SAP systems using predefined function modules with business logic.

14. What is the difference between BAPI and RFC?

Both BAPI and RFC allow communication between systems. BAPIs are standardized, business-oriented interfaces used for integration, while RFCs (Remote Function Calls) are more general-purpose and can be used for custom communication requirements.

15. What is an ALV report in ABAP?

ALV (ABAP List Viewer) reports provide enhanced list display with features like sorting, filtering, and totals. They help users analyze and customize report output easily using SAP’s standard ALV function modules or classes.

16. What is an enhancement in ABAP?

Enhancements allow developers to add custom logic to SAP standard programs without modifying them. Types include user exits, BADIs, implicit/explicit enhancements, and customer exits — all supporting upgrade-safe custom development practices.

17. What is a user exit in ABAP?

User exits are predefined spots in SAP standard code where developers can insert custom logic. They are implemented through includes and mainly used to modify standard functionality while keeping SAP upgrades intact.

18. What is a BADI in SAP ABAP?

BADI (Business Add-In) is an object-oriented enhancement technique in ABAP. It allows developers to implement custom logic in standard programs using interfaces and classes without altering original SAP code directly.

19. What is a report in ABAP?

A report is an executable ABAP program used to retrieve and display data from database tables. Developers create classical or interactive reports to present information clearly and meet specific business reporting needs.

20. What is an interactive report in ABAP?

An interactive report allows users to click on displayed data to view additional details or navigate to other lists. It enhances report usability and interactivity by using events like AT LINE-SELECTION.

21. What is a table buffer in SAP ABAP?

A table buffer stores frequently accessed table data in application server memory. It reduces database load and improves performance. However, it must be used carefully to ensure data consistency during concurrent access.

22. What are lock objects in ABAP?

Lock objects manage data consistency during parallel access. They prevent simultaneous updates on the same data by setting read or write locks, ensuring safe database transactions and avoiding data corruption in multi-user systems.

23. What are secondary indexes in ABAP tables?

Secondary indexes improve database query performance. They create additional search paths for non-primary key fields, enabling faster data retrieval for large tables when filtering or joining data on non-key columns.

24. What is a subroutine in ABAP?

A subroutine (FORM) is a reusable block of code within the same program. It helps modularize logic, promotes reusability, and simplifies debugging by separating functionalities into smaller, manageable parts of the program.

25. What is a module pool program?

A module pool program supports SAP dialog transactions. It contains screens, flow logic, and modules that manage user interactions, validations, and database updates, forming the backbone of SAP’s interactive application design.

26. What is a table control in SAP ABAP?

A table control is a screen element used to display and edit multiple records simultaneously. It allows users to scroll through rows, input data, and update records within SAP module pool programming screens interactively.

27. What are field symbols in ABAP?

Field symbols act like pointers in ABAP. They reference memory locations dynamically and help developers access or modify data at runtime without knowing the variable name, improving flexibility and performance in data manipulation.

28. What are the different types of reports in ABAP?

ABAP supports various reports such as Classical, Interactive, and ALV reports. Classical reports display static output, Interactive reports offer drill-down functionality, and ALV reports provide dynamic features like sorting and filtering options.

29. What is the difference between CALL TRANSACTION and SESSION METHOD?

CALL TRANSACTION executes a transaction immediately in the same session. The SESSION method records data for later batch processing using SM35, making it suitable for background updates and mass data processing in SAP.

30. What are smart forms in SAP ABAP?

Smart Forms are SAP’s advanced form printing tools used to create invoices, purchase orders, and other business documents. They allow layout customization without programming and can replace older SAPscript forms efficiently.

31. What is SAPscript?

SAPscript is SAP’s original text management tool used to design and print documents like invoices or letters. It defines layout, paragraphs, and fields, though many organizations now use Smart Forms or Adobe Forms instead.

32. What is a conversion routine in ABAP?

A conversion routine converts data between internal and external formats automatically. It’s often assigned to a domain in the Data Dictionary to ensure consistent data entry and display formatting across SAP applications.

33. What is the purpose of a message class in ABAP?

Message classes store reusable messages in SAP. Developers use them for error handling, information display, and warnings in programs, ensuring consistent messaging and easier maintenance across different application modules.

34. What is an include program in ABAP?

Include programs store reusable code blocks that can be shared among multiple programs. They help maintain modular programming, simplify debugging, and reduce redundancy by allowing developers to use common logic efficiently.

35. What are events in ABAP reports?

Events in ABAP reports control the program flow. Common events include INITIALIZATION, START-OF-SELECTION, END-OF-SELECTION, and AT LINE-SELECTION, which help manage report execution and user interactions effectively in structured reporting.

36. What is the use of SELECT-OPTIONS in ABAP?

SELECT-OPTIONS allows users to specify ranges or multiple values for selection screens in ABAP reports. It creates an internal table automatically to store input values and filters database queries efficiently.

37. What is the difference between PARAMETERS and SELECT-OPTIONS?

PARAMETERS accept single user input, while SELECT-OPTIONS allow multiple values or ranges. SELECT-OPTIONS automatically create an internal table for range selection, giving users more flexibility in filtering data within reports.

38. What is an IDoc in SAP ABAP?

IDoc (Intermediate Document) is a standard SAP format for electronic data exchange between systems. It helps transfer structured data, such as orders or invoices, securely between SAP and external or legacy systems.

39. What is the purpose of a BDC in ABAP?

BDC (Batch Data Communication) automates data transfer between SAP systems. It records screen inputs and uploads large data volumes through programs, ensuring consistency and reducing manual entry errors during data migration.

40. What are the methods of BDC?

BDC uses two main methods: Call Transaction (for immediate updates) and Session Method (for batch processing). Both are used for automating data uploads, depending on performance and error-handling requirements.

41. What is the difference between primary key and foreign key in SAP tables?

A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table. A foreign key establishes a relationship between two tables by linking one table’s field to another’s primary key, ensuring data integrity in SAP.

42. What is a search help in ABAP?

Search Help provides input assistance for fields in SAP. It displays possible input values or lists dynamically, helping users enter accurate data. Search helps can be elementary or collective types, depending on complexity.

43. What is a transaction code in SAP?

A transaction code (T-Code) is a shortcut to access SAP programs, screens, or reports directly. It simplifies navigation, saving time by avoiding multiple menu paths within the SAP GUI environment.

44. What is the use of SY-TCODE in ABAP?

SY-TCODE is a system field that holds the current transaction code being executed. It’s useful in debugging, logging, and control flow management within ABAP programs to identify active transactions.

45. What is debugging in ABAP?

Debugging is the process of analyzing and correcting runtime errors in programs. Developers use breakpoints and watchpoints to track variable values, test logic, and improve performance during SAP program execution.

46. What is the use of checkpoints in ABAP?

Checkpoints monitor and validate program execution during testing. They include ASSERT, BREAK-POINT, and LOG-POINT statements, which help ensure logical correctness and identify performance issues in ABAP programs efficiently.

47. What are exceptions in ABAP?

Exceptions handle runtime errors gracefully in programs. They prevent abrupt terminations and maintain control flow. ABAP offers predefined, user-defined, and class-based exception handling for robust and stable application performance.

48. What is the purpose of modularization in ABAP?

Modularization breaks a large program into smaller, reusable modules like subroutines, function modules, and includes. It improves readability, maintainability, and performance while promoting structured and reusable coding practices.

49. What is the difference between table and view in ABAP?

A table stores physical data in the database, while a view is a logical representation combining data from multiple tables. Views simplify reporting and queries without duplicating data storage.

50. What is a logical database in SAP ABAP?

A logical database provides a pre-defined data retrieval mechanism using hierarchies. It simplifies report development by managing data selection, authorization, and table joins automatically, reducing manual SQL coding in reports.

101. What is the difference between INSERT and APPEND in ABAP?

INSERT adds data at a specific position in an internal table, while APPEND adds records at the end. Both statements are useful for dynamic data handling in ABAP programs depending on the requirement.

102. What is a package in ABAP?

A package in ABAP organizes related development objects like programs, tables, and function modules. It helps manage version control, transport requests, and modular development in SAP projects efficiently.

103. What is the purpose of transaction SE80?

Transaction SE80 (Object Navigator) allows developers to access all repository objects, including programs, classes, function modules, and packages. It simplifies development, debugging, and navigation within SAP systems.

104. What is SAP NetWeaver in ABAP context?

SAP NetWeaver is the technology platform that supports ABAP and Java environments. It provides integration, development, and runtime tools required to build and deploy enterprise applications in SAP systems.

105. What is the use of SY-UNAME in ABAP?

SY-UNAME is a system field that stores the currently logged-in SAP user ID. It’s commonly used in audit logs, authorization checks, and debugging to identify active system users.

106. What is the difference between ENDSELECT and SELECT-ENDSELECT?

SELECT-ENDSELECT retrieves data row by row from the database, while ENDSELECT marks the loop’s end. Using SELECT INTO TABLE is more efficient for large data volumes in modern ABAP.

107. What are text symbols in ABAP programs?

Text symbols store language-dependent text for programs. They allow multi-language support and simplify translation by separating user-facing text from program logic, improving global usability of SAP applications.

108. What are matchcodes in SAP?

Matchcodes (obsolete term replaced by Search Helps) provide dynamic search assistance. They help users find data records easily by displaying lists of possible values related to entered search criteria.

109. What is the purpose of WRITE statement in ABAP?

The WRITE statement displays output on the screen in classical reports. Developers use it to format data, align text, and generate readable outputs for business reporting.

110. What is the difference between EXIT and STOP in ABAP?

EXIT ends a loop or processing block, while STOP terminates the program immediately. Developers use them to control program flow based on logical conditions during runtime.

111. What are the different types of locks in SAP?

SAP provides read, write, and exclusive locks. Read locks allow shared access, write locks prevent other writes, and exclusive locks restrict both reads and writes to ensure data consistency.

112. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous RFC?

Synchronous RFC waits for the response before continuing execution. Asynchronous RFC sends requests and continues without waiting, improving performance for background or parallel processing scenarios in SAP.

113. What are the different types of RFCs in SAP?

SAP supports Synchronous RFC (sRFC), Asynchronous RFC (aRFC), Transactional RFC (tRFC), and Queued RFC (qRFC). Each serves distinct communication and reliability requirements between SAP systems.

114. What is a transactional RFC (tRFC)?

Transactional RFC ensures reliable execution of remote function calls. If a system failure occurs, SAP automatically retries the call until successful, ensuring data consistency across distributed systems.

115. What are enhancements spots in ABAP?

Enhancement spots are predefined locations in standard SAP code where developers can add custom logic. They help introduce changes without modifying the original SAP source, ensuring upgrade safety.

116. What is the difference between SAP Script and Smart Form?

SAP Script is older and less flexible, while Smart Forms provide a GUI-based designer, reusable nodes, and automatic ABAP generation, making them more efficient for modern business document creation.

117. What is an ALV Grid in ABAP?

ALV Grid is a display control that provides interactive features like sorting, filtering, and exporting. It enhances report presentation, allowing users to analyze data dynamically within SAP.

118. What are the types of ALV in SAP ABAP?

SAP supports ALV List, ALV Grid, and ALV Tree. Each provides structured, interactive reporting with enhanced usability for different data visualization requirements in enterprise applications.

119. What is a LSMW in SAP?

LSMW (Legacy System Migration Workbench) is a tool for transferring data from non-SAP to SAP systems. It automates data uploads, using BDC, IDocs, or direct input methods effectively.

120. What are database views in ABAP?

Database views combine multiple tables logically to retrieve related data efficiently. They don’t store data physically but simplify complex queries for reports and analytics in SAP.

121. What is the purpose of maintenance views in SAP?

Maintenance views allow developers to maintain multiple related tables through a single interface. They simplify data entry and updates for dependent tables in SAP applications.

122. What is an append structure in ABAP?

An append structure lets developers add custom fields to standard SAP tables without modifying original objects. It supports enhancements while keeping core tables upgrade-safe.

123. What are projection views in SAP ABAP?

Projection views display selected fields from a single table. They restrict visibility to essential columns, improving security and simplifying data access for specific reporting purposes.

124. What is a help view in ABAP?

A help view is used for search helps, combining multiple tables to display key information. It assists users in finding related records during data entry efficiently.

125. What are the advantages of modular programming in ABAP?

Modular programming improves code readability, reuse, and maintenance. It allows developers to organize logic into smaller modules, making programs efficient, testable, and easier to debug or extend.

126. What is a lock mechanism in SAP ABAP?

The lock mechanism prevents multiple users from modifying the same data simultaneously. It ensures data integrity by using lock objects and enqueue/dequeue function modules during transactions.

127. What are SAP table buffers used for?

Table buffers temporarily store frequently accessed data in memory. This reduces database load, speeds up read operations, and improves overall SAP system performance significantly.

128. What is an authorization check in ABAP?

Authorization checks ensure that users have the required permissions before performing specific actions. Developers implement them using the AUTHORITY-CHECK statement in programs for secure operations.

129. What is a CDS view in ABAP?

A Core Data Services (CDS) view defines data models directly on the database. It supports complex joins, annotations, and enhanced reporting with better performance in SAP HANA environments.

130. What are annotations in CDS views?

Annotations provide metadata that defines behavior, formatting, and semantics in CDS views. They enhance data representation and integration for UI, analytics, and OData services.

131. What is the difference between SELECT and OPEN SQL in ABAP?

SELECT is part of Open SQL, which provides database-independent access. Open SQL ensures compatibility across supported databases, whereas Native SQL works only for specific database systems.

132. What is Native SQL in SAP ABAP?

Native SQL directly executes database-specific commands without ABAP translation. It offers flexibility but reduces system independence, often used for specialized database operations.

133. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous updates?

Synchronous updates wait until a transaction completes before proceeding, while asynchronous updates run in the background, improving response time for non-critical processes.

134. What are field groups in logical databases?

Field groups define sets of related fields retrieved together from logical databases. They simplify data selection, ensuring efficient data handling during report generation.

135. What is the use of the MESSAGE statement in ABAP?

The MESSAGE statement displays information, warnings, or error messages. It enhances user interaction and helps developers manage runtime behavior effectively.

136. What is the purpose of the SY-SUBRC field?

SY-SUBRC stores the return code of the last executed statement. Developers use it for conditional checks and flow control after database or function module operations.

137. What is the use of SY-TABIX in ABAP?

SY-TABIX contains the current index of an internal table during looping. It helps developers track position and manage internal table operations efficiently.

138. What are selection screens in ABAP?

Selection screens gather user input before program execution. They’re defined using PARAMETERS and SELECT-OPTIONS, allowing interactive and flexible data filtering in reports.

139. What is a GUI status in SAP ABAP?

GUI status defines toolbar elements, menus, and function keys for a screen or report. Developers use it to create customized user interfaces in SAP applications.

140. What is a GUI title in ABAP?

A GUI title displays descriptive text at the top of screens or reports. It provides meaningful context to users and enhances navigation clarity in SAP programs.

141. What are synchronous dialog programs in SAP?

Synchronous dialog programs involve real-time user interaction through screens. They execute sequentially and depend on user input to proceed between transactions.

142. What is the difference between SY-STEPL and SY-INDEX?

SY-STEPL identifies the current screen table row during table control processing, while SY-INDEX tracks the loop iteration in internal tables.

143. What are check tables and value tables?

Check tables validate foreign key entries, ensuring referential integrity. Value tables define domain-level default check tables, helping maintain consistent data input across applications.

144. What is performance tuning in ABAP?

Performance tuning optimizes ABAP programs for speed and efficiency. It includes reducing database calls, using internal tables, proper indexing, and leveraging buffer mechanisms effectively.

145. What are field exits in SAP ABAP?

Field exits add custom validations or logic for screen fields. Though now obsolete, they were used to enhance data entry behavior without changing core programs.

146. What is the difference between batch input and direct input?

Batch input uses screen-based processing (BDC), while direct input loads data into tables directly using function modules, providing faster performance for large data volumes.

147. What is an OSS note in SAP?

An OSS Note is an official SAP update containing fixes, improvements, or patches. Developers apply relevant notes to resolve system bugs or implement new features.

148. What are enhancements in SAP ABAP?

Enhancements allow developers to modify SAP standard behavior safely. They include user exits, BADIs, and implicit or explicit enhancements, maintaining system upgrade compatibility.

149. What are BADIs and how are they used?

BADIs (Business Add-Ins) are object-oriented enhancements allowing custom logic injection. Developers implement them through interfaces and classes to extend SAP functionalities without modifying standard code.

150. What are the advantages of using ABAP Objects?

ABAP Objects support modular, reusable, and maintainable design. They simplify complex applications through encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, promoting cleaner and more efficient SAP programming.